Explain the integration of CAD and CAM?

Computer-aided design (CAD) involves making pc models outlined by geometrical parameters. These models generally seem on a pc monitor as a three-dimensional illustration of a neighborhood or a system of components, which may be promptly altered by ever-changing relevant parameters. CAD systems alter designers to look at objects underneath a large sort of representations and to check these objects by simulating real-world conditions.
 
Computer-aided producing (CAM) uses geometrical style information to regulate automatic machinery. CAM systems square measure related to pc numerical management (CNC) or direct numerical management (DNC) systems. These systems dissent from older types of numerical management (NC) in this geometrical information square measure encoded automatically. Since each CAD and CAM use computer-based ways for cryptography geometrical information, it's doable for the processes of style and manufacture to be extremely integrated. package and producing systems square measure unremarkably spoken as CAD/CAM.
 

THE ORIGINS OF CAD/CAM

CAD had its origins in 3 separate sources, that conjointly serve to spotlight the essential operations that CAD systems offer. the primary supply of CAD resulted from makes an attempt to alter the drafting method. These developments were pioneered by the overall Motors analysis Laboratories within the early Sixties. one in all the vital time-saving blessings of pc modeling over ancient drafting ways is that the previous will be quickly corrected or manipulated by ever-changing a model's parameters. The second supply of CAD was within the testing of styles by simulation. the utilization of pc modeling to check product was pioneered by high-tech industries like region and semiconductors. The third supply of CAD development resulted from efforts to facilitate the result the planning method to the producing method victimization numerical management (NC) technologies, that enjoyed widespread use in several applications by the mid-1960s. it absolutely was this supply that resulted within the linkage between CAD and CAM. one in all the foremost vital trends in CAD/CAM technologies is that the ever-tighter integration between the planning and producing stages of CAD/CAM-based production processes.
 
The development of CAD and CAM and significantly the linkage between the 2 overcame ancient Tar Heel State shortcomings in expense, simple use, and speed by enabling the planning and manufacture of a neighborhood to be undertaken victimization a similar system of cryptography geometrical information. This innovation greatly shortened the amount between style and manufacture and greatly distended the scope of production processes that automatic machinery may be economically used. even as vital, CAD/CAM gave the designer way more direct management over the assembly method, making the likelihood of utterly integrated style and producing processes.
 
The ascension within the use of CAD/CAM technologies once the first Seventies was created doable by the event of factory-made atomic number 14 chips and therefore the microchip, leading to additional promptly reasonable computers. because the value of computers continuing to say no and their process power improved, the utilization of CAD/CAM broadened from giant companies victimization large-scale production techniques to companies of all sizes. The scope of operations to that CAD/CAM was applied broadened in addition. additionally to parts-shaping by ancient machine processes adore stamping, drilling, milling, and grinding, CAD/CAM has return to be employed by companies concerned in manufacturing shopper natural philosophy, electronic parts, wrought plastics, and a number of alternative product. Computers are accustomed management variety {of producing|of producing} processes (such as chemical processing) that don't seem to be strictly outlined as CAM as a result of the management information don't seem to be supported geometrical parameters.
 
Using CAD, it's doable to simulate in 3 dimensions the movement of a neighborhood through a production method. This method will simulate feed rates, angles and speeds of machine tools, the position of part-holding clamps, in addition as vary and alternative constraints limiting the operations of a machine. The continued development of the simulation of varied producing processes is one in all the key suggests that by that CAD and CAM systems have become more and more integrated. CAD/CAM systems conjointly facilitate communication among those concerned in style, manufacturing, and alternative processes. this can be of specific importance once one firm contracts another to either style or manufacture a part.
 

ADVANTAGES and DOWNSIDES

Modeling with CAD systems offers variety of benefits over ancient drafting ways that use rulers, squares, and compasses. for instance, styles will be altered while not erasing and redrawing. CAD systems conjointly supply "zoom" options analogous to a lens, whereby a designer will enlarge sure parts of a model to facilitate scrutiny. pc models square measure generally 3 dimensional and may be revolved on any axis, very much like one might rotate associate actual 3 dimensional model in one's hand, enabling the designer to realize a fuller sense of the thing. CAD systems conjointly lend themselves to modeling cutaway drawings, within which the interior form of a neighborhood is discovered, and to illustrating the spatial relationships among a system of components.
To understand CAD it's conjointly helpful to know what CAD cannot do. CAD systems don't have any suggests that of comprehending real-world ideas, adore the character of the thing being designed or the perform that object can serve. CAD systems perform by their capability to systematize geometrical ideas. so the planning method victimization CAD involves transferring a designer's plan into a proper geometrical model. Efforts to develop computer-based "artificial intelligence" (AI) haven't nonetheless succeeded in penetrating on the far side the mechanical—represented by geometrical (rule-based) modeling.
 
Other limitations to CAD square measure being addressed by analysis and development within the field of knowledgeable systems. This field comes from analysis tired AI. One example of associate knowledgeable system involves incorporating data regarding the character of materials—their weight, strength, flexibility, then on—into CAD software system. By together with this and alternative data, the CAD system might then "know" what associate knowledgeable engineer is aware of once that engineer creates a style. The system might then mimic the engineer's thought pattern and truly "create" additional of the planning. knowledgeable systems would possibly involve the implementation of additional abstract principles, adore the character of gravity and friction, or the perform and relation of unremarkably used components, adore levers or batty and bolts. knowledgeable systems may additionally return to alter the manner information square measure keep and retrieved in CAD/CAM systems, replacement the stratified system with one that gives larger flexibility. Such artistic movement ideas, however, square measure all extremely addicted to our talents to research human call processes and to translate these into mechanical equivalents if doable.
 
One of the key areas of development in CAD technologies is that the simulation of performance. Among the foremost common forms of simulation square measure testing for response to fret and modeling the method by that a neighborhood can be factory-made or the dynamic relationships among a system of components. In stress tests, model surfaces square measure shown by a grid or mesh, that distort because the half comes underneath simulated physical or thermal stress. Dynamics tests perform as a complement or substitute for building operating prototypes. the benefit with that a part's specifications will be modified facilitates the event of best dynamic efficiencies, each as regards the functioning of a system of components and therefore the manufacture of any given half. Simulation is additionally utilized in electronic style automation, within which simulated flow of current through a circuit allows the fast testing of varied part configurations.
 
The processes of style and manufacture square measure, in some sense, conceptually dissociable. nonetheless the planning method should be undertaken with associate understanding of the character of the assembly method. it's necessary, for instance, for a designer to understand the properties of the materials with that the half can be engineered, the assorted techniques by that the half can be formed, and therefore the scale of production that's economically viable. The abstract overlap between style and manufacture is implicative the potential advantages of CAD and CAM and therefore the reason they're usually thought of along as a system.
Recent technical developments have essentially wedged the utility of CAD/CAM systems. for instance, the ever-increasing process power of non-public computers has given them viability as a vehicle for CAD/CAM application. Another vital trend is toward the institution of one CAD-CAM commonplace, so totally different information packages will be changed while not producing and delivery delays, gratuitous style revisions, and alternative issues that still bedevil some CAD-CAM initiatives. Finally, CAD-CAM software system continues to evolve in such realms as visual illustration and integration of modeling and testing applications.